Mini 3.3W LED Downlight 12V DC Malmbergs MD-13

Every light source from an LED to a simple wax candle has a beam angle. A beam angle is a measurement of how the light is distributed. GU10 LEDs and recessed downlights have a fairly narrow beam of around 40 degrees, anything within 5 degrees is classed as a medium beam.

A wax candle or traditional light bulb would have a beam angle of 360 degrees as the light shines all the way around but is less intense.

Combing brighter downlights with wider 60 degree beams allows you to space them out further, reducing the total amount of lights needed.

More information about beam angles.

CRI stands for Colour Rendering Index. It is a measurement of how well a light source can render the true colour of an object compared to natural light.

Rated out of 100, with an open flame or sunlight being a perfect 100. A light with 90 CRI and above would be classed as having high CRI, while 80 CRI is the standard for LEDs.

Read more about high CRI.

Recessed downlights are available in different types such as fixed, adjustable and bathroom (IP65).

Fixed downlights shine the light directly downards.  Adjustable downlights allow you to redirect the angle of light onto a specific object or area.

IP65 downlights are water resistant and suitable for use in bathroom zones 1 & 2. Most integrated LED downlights are IP65 rated as standard. This means they can be used anywhere including kitchens and living rooms etc.

Fixed GU10 downlights don't offer any resistance to water, their IP rating is usually IP20. They have no seal and cost less.

More information about downlight types.

Selecting the appropriate color or finish for your lights and switches is key to creating a unified and attractive interior. Aim to match the finish of your downlights with other elements like switches and sockets. The matt white finish is especially popular for downlights as it seamlessly merges with white ceilings. More info here.

Fire-rated downlights are engineered to maintain a ceiling's fire resistance, safeguarding against the spread of fire through openings needed for these recessed light fittings. More info here.

IP (International or Ingress Protection) defines a products level of resistance to dust and moisture. The first digit is for dust and the second digit is for moisture.

Anything higher than IP44 can be used in bathroom zones 1 and 2. IP44 is splash proof and resistance to particles larger than 1mm.

An IP65 rating offers a higher resistance to moisture and is generally used outdoors. IP65 is usually specified for bathroom downlights but according to the Building Regulations, IP44 provides adequate protection.

An IP68 rating is fully water resistant and can be submersed in water, up to 1M in depth.

In order to achieve Part L Compliance (energy efficiency) you shouldn't cut around thermal insulation. If you do this your home or building won't be energy efficient as valuable heat will escape through the hole of the downlight.

A downlight can act like a chimney and draw out warm, rising air from a room, up into the cold space above. The effect is increased in upper floors containing lofts.

AC standards for alternating current and DC standards for direct current.

Mains voltage is 230V AC and has a tolerance of 10%, some products are 220V or 240V AC which means they can be classed as mains voltage.

DC voltages usually require an LED driver to convert the mains voltage AC into low voltage DC. Popular DC voltages are 12V or 24V DC.